»Explain Why Mill Distinguishes Between Higher and Lower...

PY1101 Ethical Theory  »Explain why Mill distinguishes between higher and lower pleasures and assess whether he achieves his aim or not. « March 2005, St Andrews In his Essay Utilitarianism Mill elaborates on Utilitarianism as a moral theory and responds to misconceptions about it. Utilitarianism, in Mills words, is the view that  »actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. «1 In that way, Utilitarianism offers an answer to the fundamental question Ethics is concerned about: ‘How should one live? or ‘What is the good or right way to live?. In the first chapter, General Remarks, Mill points out that, even after 2000 years, this fundamental question†¦show more content†¦Human happiness is different from animal happiness, in fact humans have higher faculties than animals. Mill responds to this objection that Utilitarianism is perfectly compatible with the view that there are different kinds of pleasures. In fact, differences in the quality of a pleasure must be considered as well as differences in quantity. Mill argues that differences in quality are to be measured in preferences rather than quality. Of two pleasures, if there be one to which all or almost all who have experience of both give a decided preference, irrespective of any feeling of moral obligation to prefer it, that is the more desirable pleasure.6 Ergo, Mill distinguishes between higher and lower pleasures in order to respond to The Philosophy of Swine Objection. However, the distinction between quality and quantity is not new. Mill himself asserts that  »utilitarian writers in general have placed the superiority of mental over bodily pleasures. «7 What is new in Mills theory is that he rejects to measure pleasure in any kind of numerical scale. His scale is an ordinal scale, in which pleasures are ordered in terms of preference, i.e. pleasure A is greater than pleasure B and so on. The problem with thatShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism, by John Stuart Mill Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesExplain why Mill distinguishes between higher and lower pleasures and assess whether he achieves his aim or not. In his essay, Utilitarianism Mill elaborates on Utilitarianism as a moral theory and responds to misconceptions about it. Utilitarianism, in Mill’s words, is the view that  »actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. «1 In that way, Utilitarianism offers an answer to the fundamental question Ethics is concernedRead MoreBackground Inditex, One of the Worlds Largest Fashion Distributors, Has Eight Major Sales Formats - Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home Y Kiddys Class- with 3.147 Stores in 70100262 Words   |  402 Pagesthat several companies are restrictive with letting external researchers come in and study what they do. However, if we do not study and understand the challenges, we cannot have realistic expectations regarding what companies will be able to achieve, and more importantly we can not develop appropriate means of policy support. I am therefore tremendously grateful to Verner Frang and HM, two organisations that had the generosity and the courage to share their experiences with an external researcherRead MoreTravel and Tourism14814 Words   |  60 PagesRunning Head: TRAVEL AND TOURISM Travel and Tourism [Name of the writer] [Name of the institution] Abstract This study aims tÐ ¾ explore thÐ µ motivations fÐ ¾r tourists choice Ð ¾f diverse tourism environments Ã'â€"n Ð ° Third World country, Nigeria. Results obtained from Ð ° questionnaire survey Ð ¾f 376 tourists randomly sampled from seven tourism destinations Ã'â€"n Nigeria show that thÐ µ most prominent motivations fÐ ¾r tourist destination choice are self-actualization Ã'â€"n an appreciative, educational or culturalRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestheir approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneousRead Mo reStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPerception? 166 Factors That Influence Perception 167 165 Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others 168 Attribution Theory 168 †¢ Common Shortcuts in Judging Others 170 †¢ Specific Applications of Shortcuts in Organizations 173 The Link Between Perception and Individual Decision Making 174 Decision Making in Organizations 175 The Rational Model, Bounded Rationality, and Intuition 175 †¢ Common Biases and Errors in Decision Making 177 Influences on Decision Making: Individual Differences andRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesUnported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for exampleRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesreading the unit, you will understand how: †¢ †¢ †¢ To learn the evolution of marketing as a discipline To understand the reasons why marketing is considered important in this era To assess the various marketing approaches and principles 3. MARKETING MANAGEMENT: Marketing has evolved into a very important functional area in management basically due to the increasing supply and lower demand over the years. This is primarily through the competitive intensity in every sphere of the market. When competitionRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesmeans of achieving desired responses from other parties. Answer: E Page Ref: 5 Objective: 2 Difficulty: Moderate 4) A social definition of marketing says ________. A) effective marketing requires companies to remove intermediaries to achieve a closer connection with direct consumers B) a company should focus exclusively on achieving high production efficiency, low costs, and mass distribution to facilitate the broadest possible access to the companys products C) marketing is the processRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesthat is good about the British tradition of academic accounting. Serious in intent, he has striven both to illuminate practice and to provide ways of improving it. Although always appealing to his economic understandings, he has been open to a wide variety of other ideas, recognizing their intellectual strengths and capabilities rather than making artificial distinctions between what is acceptable and what is not. He also has contributed widely to the accounting literature, taking forward the BritishRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesthe authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of t his publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence

Essay on The Holy Bible - The Cruel God of Genesis

The Cruel God of Genesisnbsp;nbsp; This essay will propose and support the thesis that God carries the blame for the expulsion of man from the Garden of Eden and resulting downfall of mankind. Genesis has always been the cause of heated discussions. The work itself is not all that confusing, but rather the symbolism buried deep within the text is. The opinions of the reader often have a substantial influence on the readers interpretation of the text. Because the scripture has played such an important role in the theological beliefs of so many Christians, extremely different interpretations of the text have the potential to create distance between even the closest of friends and even worse, families. To expect that all of†¦show more content†¦Gave usually implies the transfer of possession from one person to another. In all actuality, God was merely teasing Adam and Eve with the idea of eternal paradise. God knew of the inevitable original sin and even still he gave Adam and Eve a taste of paradise. If indeed God loved them as much as he supposedly did, wouldnt he have saved them the torment of having to surrender a true heaven on earth because they made one little mistake? God knew that by giving man free will he would also be giving them the opportunity to lose everything that they held dear to them. Also, if the will bestowed on Adam were so free, why would he have to be subject to the consequences of his actions? In all actuality, Adam and Eve did have free will; just as long as they didnt think for themselves and only did what God told them to do. In essence, it is very much like getting something for free, but still having to pay the tax. In other words, God dropped the theoretical ball when he came up with his not so free will. The final question that remains is why? Why did God bring to an end his own creations eternal happiness? When given just the information presented in Genesis 1-3, the motives behind Gods cruel plot are not quite so obvious. But when consideration is taken for the fact that the entire Bible is, for all logical reasons, Gods plan set in plain ordinary words. All things must come to an end, so the saying goes. Even the world as we know it will come to an end.Show MoreRelatedCultural Relativism As An Anthropological Theory1047 Words   |  5 Pagesanthropological theory. This essay will argue only from the perspective of the Torah. The Book of Genesis contains three main narratives regarding Yahweh s condemnation of deficient cultures. One narrative is that of the great flood. According to the text, the world had become too violent. Therefore, Yahweh decided to destroy the entire world. A righteous man, Noah, was considered good enough to survive the mass destruction caused by Yahweh s chaotic demolition. Noah follows God s directions to buildRead MoreWhich Religion Is More Violent in History: Christianity or Islam?4367 Words   |  18 Pagestowns and societies some of this violent occurrence includes the Christian crusades and inquisition, the European maritime conquest. The Islamic crusades and holy wars. The Catholics and Protestant wars and Mormonism. Violence in relation to the Bible, and the Quran, and The violence in today’s society caused by both religions. In this essay you shall learn about how all the religiously violent wars and acts have led to the choosing of the more violent religio n. Christianity has a long history ofRead More Creationism vs Evolutionism Essay2392 Words   |  10 Pagesbeing has its own creation story, I will be focusing on the popular fundamentalist Christian version. These creationists believe that the entire cosmos, the Earth and all its creatures, were created by God in six days between 5,000 and 10,000 years ago as described in the old testaments book of Genesis. They believe that geological records were laid down as a result of a worldwide flood. Most creationists disagree with a majority of the scientific theories used to prove evolution. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheyRead More Teaching Origins in 20th Century American Public Schools Essay6390 Words   |  26 Pages geology and biology offered a robust and widely- accepted story of the history of Earth and of life on earth that contradicted the biblical accounts in Genesis . As Ed Larson has shown, most theologians and scientists around the turn of the 20th century easily reconciled Christian faith and evolution; even The Fundamentals, a series of essays published between 1905 and 1915 that gave a name to conservative evangelical Christianity for the rest of the century, featured theologian James Orr’s assertionRead More Comparing the Love of Romeo and Juliet, Twelfth Night and the Bible4838 Words   |  20 Pagesculture and every writer has some commentary or evaluation of love. The New Testament has its share of love commentary. The entire basis of the Christian tradition is Gods love for humanity. God so loved the world that he gave his only Son. (John 3:6 ) Jesus preached a great deal about love of neighbor, love of God and even love of enemies. (Matt 5:44) Shakespeares Biblical knowledge is well known and he was certainly familiar with these concepts as he wrote his plays on the subject of love. By lookingRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesRastafarianism is the national religion of Jamaica. 3. Rastas believe that Selassie is the returned messiah, that he is Jah, or God. They believed this fully prior to his passing in 1975 and after. Many believe that Selassie was a dictator and a cruel leader. That he is regarded as God incarnate seems patently absurd. 4. It is not clear whether Selassie believed himself to be a God. 5. For Rastas, marijuana, which is illegal in Jamaica, is a sacrament for worship. 6. Rastas regard western society as

Margaret Hilda Thatcher Essay Example For Students

Margaret Hilda Thatcher Essay Margaret Hilda Thatcher is the first woman to have held the office of prime minister in Great Britain. She was born Margaret Hilda Roberts in Grantham, Lincolnshire and educated at the University of Oxford, where she earned degrees in chemistry. After graduation she worked as a research chemist from 1947 to 1951. She married Denis Thatcher in 1951, and in 1953, having studied for the bar, she became a tax lawyer. Thatcher joined the Conservative party, and was elected to the House of Commons in 1959. She defeated Edward Heath for the minority leadership of the party in 1974, and then led the Conservative party to victory in 1979. Thatcher is the only British prime minister in the twentieth century to serve three consecutive terms. In 1990, controversy over Thatchers tax policy and her reluctance to commit Great Britain to full economic integration with Europe inspired a strong challenge to her leadership. Ms. Thatcher was ousted from leadership, and resigned in November 1990 and was succeeded as party leader and prime minister by her protà ©gà ©e, John Major: who, consequently, only served one short term. Margaret Hilda Roberts was born October 13, 1925 to Beatrice and Alfred Roberts in the flat above her parents small grocery store. Margarets father was the greatest influence in Margarets life, politically as well as religiously and socially. Alfred Roberts came to Grantham during the First World War where he met and married Beatrice Stevenson. The young couple worked hard and saved money with a passion. Before long Alfred opened his own grocery shop, and eventually he came to own two. (Mayer,1979) Alfred often discussed current events with his two daughters, and also his keenly-held political beliefs. Margarets father had a considerable effect on her political beliefs. Although he had once been a member of the Liberal party, he won a place on the local town council as an independent, which essentially meant conservative. He served in this position for twenty-five years, and later became the chair of its finance committee. In the 1940s, he was selected for the largely honorary but still prestigious post of Mayor of Grantham. (Mayer, 1979) When asked about the part her father had played in her life Margaret replied that of course, I just owe almost everything to my . . father, and the things which I learned in a small town, in a very modest home. . . . (Mayer, 1979) At the age of fifteen, Margaret had to start thinking seriously about what she wanted to do with her life. The British education system required young people at that age to choose between two totally separate curriculums which they would follow for the remainder of their secondary school career. One was an arts and humanities course, and the other was science. Margaret had little trouble making up her mind. Though she had always been interested in politics, the idea of a political career seemed out of the question. At the time Members of Parliament were paid only 600 Pounds a year and were given no allowances for secretarial or office expenses. That deliberately limited professional politics mainly to successful businessmen, lawyers, and the rich. At the same time, science seemed to be the coming thing; research was booming, and a science degree appeared to provide a passport to assured employment. Margaret chose science specifically, chemistry. At the age of seventeen, a year younger than most candidates, she took the examinations one had to pass to gain admittance to Oxfords Sommerville College. She did well and scored high marks in all categories, she tied for first in the competitive exam. This exam was given to candidates to decide which would win the one scholarship the college had to offer. But Somerville officials decided to give the scholarship to the other top-scoring candidate, an older girl who had been waiting a year longer than Margaret to get into Oxford. Margaret was to be admitted to Oxford, however she would not go there on scholarship. The Deadly Social Cloud (Satire) EssayMrs. Thatcher continued her law studies even after she became pregnant early in 1953, and was five months along when she took and passed her intermediate bar exam that spring. In August, she gave birth prematurely to twins, a boy and girl who were named Mark and Carol. The birth of her children changed Mrs. Thatchers life somewhat, but not nearly as much as it did many women of that time. She decided not to seek elective office again until the twins were old enough for school. But, with the help of a nanny, she continued to work, and just four months after they were born, she passed her final and was called to the bar. When her children were at the age to go to school Margaret Thatcher decided to return to politics. She decided to restrict her search for a constituency to the London area, the metropolis itself and the immediately surrounding counties. Her reasoning was simple: if she were to represent a constituency farther away, she would on occasion be forced to leave the twins overnight, and that she refused to do. (Mayer, 1979) The first seat for which she tried to gain the nomination was an infuriating experience for her. The committee made it clear that it considered her talented, bright, and able, but that it also felt she really should be at home with the children. The same thing happened when she applied at the next location. Then Mrs. Thatcher heard that a veteran Tory MP for the north London constituency of Finchley was retiring. She along with nearly two hundred other would-be MPs submitted her name to the selection committee. The committee then, after interviews, was able to narrow the mob of 200 applicants down to four finalists, Mrs.. Thatcher included. The finalists were to appear before the local partys divisional council, a group of fifty rank and filers who represented all the Tory party workers in the district. The day before the final interview, one of the four finalists dropped out, and only the three candidates remained, but as far as the group selection committee was concerned, there was no real choice. (Mayer, 1979) A council member John Tiplady recalls I know it may seem like hindsight, but when we interviewed the candidates, we asked ourselves, Is this a future Prime Minister? And Margaret clearly was and everyone thought so. (Mayer, 1979) Margaret was selected as the Tory candidate for the Finchley constituency, and was elected to the House of Commons as a Member of Parliament in October 1959. Mrs. Thatcher rose quickly through the ranks of Commons, and by 1967, with the Tories in the minority, she was selected as the shadow cabinets minister of power, eighteen months later, she got the transport portfolio, and a year after that she got education. (Mayer, 1979) According to Mrs. Thatchers biographer Allen Mayer, the reasons for her rapid rise are not immediately discernable. Tory journalist Ferdinand Mount has suggested that she might be regarded as the Evita of the Tory party. Mrs. Thatcher, he wrote recently moved up so quickly not despite but because of her sex. It was not so much her own brilliance as the chronic shortage of Conservative women MPs that insured her rapid promotion. (Mayer, 1979) But according to one of Mrs. Thatchers speaches given at the time to